What distinguishes primary succession from secondary succession?

Primary succession is characterized by the colonization of an area that is virtually devoid of life and lacks soil, such as after a volcanic eruption or glacier retreat. This process begins with pioneer species, like lichens and mosses, that can grow on bare rock and contribute to soil formation over time.

In contrast, secondary succession takes place in areas where soil and some living organisms still exist following disturbances such as forest fires, floods, or human activities like farming. The remaining soil and organic material allow for a quicker recovery of the ecosystem compared to primary succession.

Thus, the distinction lies in the initial conditions of the environment. Primary succession starts in barren landscapes without soil, while secondary succession begins in areas where soil is already present, enabling a more rapid ecological recovery.